Minimum end distance along load direction e 1 ( e 1 = 1.2 d 0) Minimum end distance, edge distance, and spacing for bolt fasteners according to EN Table 3.3 (rounded up to nearest mm) Punching resistance per mm of plate thickness under bolt or nut B p,Rd / t p Shear resistance per shear plane F v,Rd īearing resistance per mm of connected plate thickness F v,Rd / t (for e 1≥3 d 0, e 2≥1.5 d 0, p 1≥3.75 d 0, p 2≥3 d 0) Below the axis, the metal experiences tension.Design properties for metric hex bolts (Typical coarse pitch thread) Above the neutral axis (the line where the total stress is 0), the metal is compressed. Instead, it shifts along the thickness direction of the material. The length of the neutral axis does not change upon bending. In contrast, the region below the neutral axis (between the outer surface and the neutral axis) undergoes tension.

The cross-sectional area (see cross-sectional area calculator) above the neutral axis (between the inner surface of bending and the neutral axis) experiences compression stresses. As the punch presses the sheet onto the die, the sheet begins to bend, and the neutral axis shifts.īut why are we concerned about the neutral axis? The neutral axis is the line that divides the cross-section into two regions. Let's consider the cross-section of a sheet: the sheet's neutral axis is the line that passes through the points where the stresses and strains are exactly zero. The punch and die must be compatible to ensure accuracy and safety. A press brake consists of a punch and die: the punch presses the sheet down into the die to bend the sheet. You can perform bending using a press brake machine or a bending machine. K-factor deals with the position of the neutral axis, and in this article, you'll learn how to calculate the K-factor.īefore we get into the K-factor, let's look at the bending process for a sheet. The focus of this article is the K-factor associated with the sheet metal bending process. These sheets undergo different fabrication processes like bending, forming, and punching and are also joined together using welding. It could be any metal as per the demand and loads, but the most commonly manufactured sheets are aluminum, brass, copper, and steel sheets. Other applications of sheet metal include piping, medical equipment, machine components, and transformers used in power transmission.įirst, the metal is worked into thin sheets for the uses mentioned above and more. roofing calculator) or the geyser that supplies water for your warm showers and baths all use sheet metal for the fabrication process. Sheet metal is the building block of structures, from forming the body of automobiles to the skin of aircraft wings. This K-factor calculator will assist you in finding the K-factor for sheet metal.

1mm bend allowance calculator